by

preposition: indicating the agent performing an action in a passive construction
- The painting was created by a famous artist.
preposition: using, via, or through a means or method
- Please confirm by email.
- She traveled to Paris by train.
preposition: next to; at the side of
- She kept a glass of water by her bed.
preposition: indicating a deadline or latest time something should happen
- Please submit the report by Monday.
preposition: indicating a change in amount, degree, or distance
- The temperature rose by five degrees overnight.
preposition: indicating rate, unit, or share
- Parking is charged by the hour.
preposition: indicating the way in which something is done or the manner of an action
- He solved the problem by thinking outside the box.
preposition: according to or on the basis of a rule, standard, or category
- The results are grouped by region.
preposition: alone or without assistance, in the phrase by oneself
- He fixed the bike by himself.